Womens Pay Average To Mens Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1524 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Level High school Did you like this example? It is 30 years since the implementation of the Equal Pay Act   and Sex Discrimination Act, yet women in the UK still earn on average 18% less per hour than men (What is The Pay Gap and Why Does it Exist?, 2005). The rate of reduction in this gender pay gap has also slowed, as can be seen from the negligible change between the 2003 and 2005 figures (Towards Equal Pay, 2003). The most obvious question to be answered is why does this ingrained pay gap exist? Is there a policy of discrimination against women by employers? Or, is just a case of the simplistic interpretation of a figure which disguises underlying socio-economic factors which employers have little to do with? This article is going to look at the role that discrimination legislation has had in addressing this, what recent developments have taken place in the area and what future changes in the law which might be beneficial. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Womens Pay Average To Mens Business Essay" essay for you Create order It is important first to clarify what is meant by â€Å"equal pay†, because there are two separate but intertwined issues . The first, which we will call the micro pay issue, involves clear discrimination:   where a man and a woman do the same job but the woman is paid less the â€Å"equal pay for equal work† issue. However, there is also a second   more complex issue and which we will call the macro pay issue. This encompasses all the broader socio-economic factors that may create the differences in averages. The Micro Issue    It is easy for todays women to forget that open pay discrimination was a prevalent, and even accepted, practice into the 1970s. The Equal Pay Act 1970 (as amended), and other ancillary legislation, has proved very effective in eliminating such blatant discrimination.   This legislation functions reasonably simply in that it bans pay discrimination based on gender. It does this by allowing those workers who believe they are doin g the same work, but   are paid lower rates because of their gender to bring an   action at an Employment Tribunal. The tribunal will then decide if the workers are doing â€Å"like work† or â€Å"work of equal value† . This process has been made even simpler since the introduction of the Equal Pay Questionnaire (EPQ) in 2003. The EPQ is a standardized questionnaire which allows the person who believes they are not receiving equal pay (the complainant) to fill in and present this form to her/his employer (the respondent). On this form the complainant must identify a person of the opposite sex who is doing the same, or similar work, of like value (known as the â€Å"comparator†) whom they believe is paid more. Pay in this case refers to the whole range of remunerative elements like holiday pay, sick leave, bonuses, and even redundancy. Once this is presented to an employer they may just accept the argument and agree to the request for equal pay or fil l in the required sections disclosing a comparators salaries or possibly making their own counter-arguments. However, they are not required to answer the questionnaire. But, if the complaint brings an action and the employer does not respond to the questionnaire or does so in an â€Å"evasive or ambiguous† an adverse implication could be drawn . This is a very effective way to target remaining cases of sex discrimination. The aim is to make a workplace resolution of this issue possible and avoid costly and counterproductive litigation. In the high profile Stephanie Villalba case against Merrill Lynch, Ms. Villalba attempted to use cross-border comparisons will male colleagues in international Merrill Lynch offices in order to demonstrate the inequality of her pay (McCormack, 2004) . And while she lost the case it does demonstrate that the boundaries are continually being pushed in this area. The Macro Issues The reason for the gender gap however is more complex t han just blatant discrimination. The average hourly pay figure that is used commonly when referring to equality of pay is just an overall average of payments made to male and female employees for the hours they work. This figure encompasses much more than the â€Å"equal pay for equal work† issue because it is an average and so takes into account broader factors. Some simple detective work will reveal the nature of this issue. After the introduction of a mandatory minimum wage the gender pay gap decreased by 2%. The reason for this was that 70% of the jobs affected by the legislation were occupied by women (Making a Difference,2001) and so their average wages rose disproportionably to men and the gender gap   fell. This clearly demonstrates that the second strand of the equal pay problem is that a large number of women occupy occupations/professions or take jobs that pay less. Why is this? In December 2001 The Government published the KingsMill Review (Kingsmill, 2001)   and this is the best source of information we have to identify the relevant factors. These are: Qualifications Gaps: historically men have held better qualifications that women, although this effect is clearly tailing   off or disappearing    as womens access to education has increased. Continuity of Experience: women have tended to take breaks to have and to raise children. This can lead to lower continuous experience levels which is then reflected in pay. Part Time Work: Women have tended to occupy more part-time jobs because they often try to balance work with childcare. These jobs tend to be in occupations which are lower paid and as such this drives down their average earnings. Commuting: because of their need to jungle a job and childcare they are less able to commute long-distances and need to find employment locally. This affects their income because there is a lower pool of jobs open to them and more women are clustered around the same locations competing f or those jobs. Job Segregation: 60 percent of women work in just 10 occupations; and these tend to be the lowest paid occupations. The question which must be asked is whether any of these issues can be addressed by the current laws or is legislation the wrong route to take. The pay gap is clearly narrowing, but it is also possible that the gap will never close because of large numbers of women voluntary choose to take lower paid work in order to raise a family. And legislation cannot be used to force this to change. However, it is equally likely that some of the factors that were identified above can be reduced or eliminated with the use of more ‘carrot and less ‘stick. The effect of the minimum wage legislation was clearly quite effective in narrowing the gap even if this was not the main reason for the legislation. But this form of legislation may have its limits and a more subtle legislative interventions might be required. For example,   a legal requiremen t for better workplace childcare so that women might not develop a gap in experience and be able to travel further to work. Alternatively the   discrimination against part-time workers could be targeted, as it was with The Part Time Workers Regulation 2000;   which is attempting to remove discrimination against such workers. Some form of legislative female quotas for certain occupations might also be introduced starting with the NHS. This is a draconian move but it could give women a once off   â€Å"leg up†.   On the other hand legislative intervention of the kind above is   controversial and be counterproductive.   The more rights   granted to a woman   the more likely might   an employer might just stop hiring women in the first place for fear of the â€Å"costs† and difficulties imposed. In the final analysis the solution to the search for equal pay will be a multifaceted approach that addresses all of the issues and does not become to focu sed on the belief that it is caused by blatant discrimination. Back to: Custom Essays Biblography Foster, C, New government plan to end career sexism, Equal Opportunities Review 2004, 2004, 136, p17-19. Kingsmill, D, The Kingsmill Review Of Womens Pay and Employment, 2003, URL https://www.kingsmillreview.gov.uk. Lande, B, Equal Pay: Mind the Gender Gap, Employment Law Journal, 2003, 41(Jun), p 3-5. ‘Towards a Closing of the Gender Pay Gap, Retrieved Nov 2005 from https://   www.likestilling.no/genderpaygap/statistics/statistics_paygapdevelopments.html Williams, C, Still a Mans World Men Who Do Womens Work, 1995, The University of California Press. References Kingsmill, D, The Kingsmill Review Of Womens Pay and Employment, 2003, Chapter 2 -Evidence and Analysis,   URL https://www.kingsmillreview.gov.uk McCormack, M, 2004, Sex Discrimination: Gender Pay gap Prompts Legal Challenge, Employment Law Journal, 2004, 54(Oct), p15-17. ‘Making a Difference, 2001, Report of the Law Pay Commission,3rd report, Vol 1, p. vi. ‘Towards Equal Pay, 2003, Employment Law Bulletin 2003, 55 Jun, pp 2-8. ‘What is the pay gap and why does it exist, Retrieved Nov. 2005 from https:// www.womenandequalityunit.gov.uk/pay/pay_facts.htm. More Free Business Essays Get free business essays from our extensive online resource library. Hundreds of example essays available from all the major essay topics to help you with your research Please note: The above essay was written by a student and then submitted to us to display and help others. Thanks to all the students who have submitted work to us.

Sociological Aspects - 1584 Words

Sociological Aspects of Education SOC 101 April 24, 2010 Sociological Aspects in Education The growing diversity in our society has helped to broaden the scope of what and how we educate our children. The scientific study of social behavior and human groups, also known as sociology, has benefitted society with its impacts from different theories (Schaefer, 2009). Education is the foundation of any society and establishes the social and economic wealth for their future. We will explore education from the three major sociological viewpoints. Functionalist approach â€Å"emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability† (Schaefer, 2007, p.14). The functionalism theory was influenced by†¦show more content†¦316). Conflict theorists argue that low income students do not have the same opportunity of achieving credentialism as the wealthier do. This is from the lack of financial resources available to them to achieve a higher degree (Schaefer, 2009). How does this affect education? Each individual can strive to succeed on their own or as part of a small group, trying to earn power, grades and knowledge to give them an advantage in the quest for resources later on. They are taught to be self motivated and they have no one to rely on but themselves. They would spend more time learning strategy and marketable skills versus a well rounded education. This theory focuses primarily on the individual, almost to the point of the exclusion of the group, except where interaction can be more beneficial to the individual. Social change is of little consequence in the conflict theory. The only significance is as how the individual can better gain resources and use them to his or her advantage. The conflict theory teaches the individual to learn what you can, obtain all the possible resources you can amass and then let society work for you. This takes society at its capitalistic best. Earn the most money, drive the best car and have the best things; but you only have yourself to rely on. Being a bad seed and succeeding is still succeeding. Morality is replaced with the bottom line and the view of society is one of â€Å"the world is my oyster†. includingShow MoreRelatedThe Sociological Aspects Of Aging1722 Words   |  7 Pagesmedical care are key determinants of longevity of life. Individuals who are 40 years old can prepare to age well if they understand certain aspects that can aid them to age gracefully. Ageing well is dependent on the extent to which individuals are able to remain conscious of the social, psychological, and physical challenges of the aged. The sociological aspects of aging are defined by the activities an individual engages in while transitioning to old age. To age well, a person needs to take partRead MoreSociological Aspects Of Social Psychology901 Words   |  4 Pagesdiffering branches when referring to social psychology: 1. 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Truth The Only Truth Existing [This Is My Second And Last Of Phi Essay Example For Students

Truth The Only Truth Existing [This Is My Second And Last Of Phi Essay losophy 201]-RJ The Only Truth Existing We are, then, faced with a quite simple alternative: Either we deny that there is here anything that can be called truth a choice that would make us deny what we experience most profoundly as our own being; or we must look beyond the realm of our natural experience for a validation of our certainty. A famous philosopher, Rene Descartes, once stated, I am, I exist. This statement holds the only truth found for certain in our natural experience that, as conscious beings, we exist. Whether we are our own creators, a creation, or the object of evolution, just as long as we believe that we think, we are proved to exist. Thinking about our thoughts is an automatic validation of our self-consciousness. Descartes claims, But certainly I should exist, if I were to persuade my self of something. And so, I should conclude that our existence is a truth, and may be the only truth, that we should find its certainty. From the natural experiences of our being, we hold beliefs that we find are our personal truths. From these experiences, we have learned to understand life with reason and logic; we have established our idea of reality; and we believe that true perceptions are what we sense and see. But it is our sense of reason and logic, our idea of reality, and our perceptions, that may likely to be very wrong. Subjectiveness, or personal belief, is almost always, liable for self-contradiction. Besides the established truth that we exist, there are no other truths that are certain, for the fact that subjective truth may be easily refuted.Every person possesses his or her own truth that may be contradicting to another persons belief. A truth, or one that is true for all, cannot by achieved because of the constant motion of circumstances of who said it, to whom, when, where, why, and how it was said.What one person may believe a dog is a mans best friend, another may believe that a dogs is a mans worse enemy. What one may believe is a pencil, to another is not a pencil, but a hair pin. Where one may believe that a bottle is an instrument, one may believe is a toy, where another may believe is a beverage container. Where one will understand the moving vehicle car, one might understand car as a tree. Our perception of what is true depends on our own experiences, and how something becomes true for us. Many circumstances are necessary to derive at ones truth, whether it is an idea, object, or language. All perception, besides the perception of existence, is uncertain of being true for all individuals. Every thought, besides the idea that we think, has the possibility that it may be proven wrong. The author of the article, Knowledge Regained, Norman Malcolm, states that, any empirical proposition whatever could be refuted by future experience that is, it could turn out to be false. An example could be the early idea of the earth being flat and not the current perception of the earth being round. History tells us that at one time, the perception of the earth was thought to be flat. This notion was an established truth to many because of the sight and sense that people perceived about the earths crust. At one point, to accept the newer truth that the earth is round, meant that, what one believed was true, really wasnt. And, what if, at some point in the future, we were told by a better educated group of observers that the earth is not round, but a new shape weve never even perceived before? Would we agree to the scientists observation that they have, themselves, agreed to this more accurate shape of the earth?. We would probably agree to change our knowledge of truth to the observations of experts. This is an example that, what we may have once believed to be the absolute truth, may be proven wrong at any time. And what we actually know, may not be the truth after all. .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321 , .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321 .postImageUrl , .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321 , .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321:hover , .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321:visited , .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321:active { border:0!important; } .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321:active , .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321 .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud221cc6bbff8784fa3ecadd291f37321:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cultural revolution Essay Truth may also be refuted through the identified appearance or sense of an object. A great modern philosopher, Bertrand Russells, idea of appearance and reality explains that perception of a table and its distribution of colors, shape, and sense, vary with each point of view. Commenting on the distribution of color, Russell states that, It follows that if several people are looking at the table at the same moment, no two of them will see exactly the same distribution of colours, because no two can see it from exactly the same point of view, and any change in the point of view makes some change in the way the light is reflected.What one person sees the table as green, one might see as red at another viewpoint. And what might seem to have color is actually colorless in the dark. What one might perceive as being rectangle, may look oval in another view. What may sense the table to be hard by a touch of the fingertips, may be soft by the touch of the cheek. Determining hardness of the table depends on pressure applied and judge of the sensation. No assumptions can be absolutely true because there is no determining factor in choosing the right angle to look at or sense the table. There are no determining factors in which angle or measurement is better to judge than the other in sense of color, shape, and feel of an object. Every object is determined self-contradicting which can be refuted by questioning its perception and even the existence for its use. Our experiences from our natural existence gives us a bias of all that is true, which is self-contradicting. The ideas and objects that we encounter are determined true by personal evaluation in the relationships of those ideas and objects in connection with our being. The relationship of the ideas and objects in connection with another persons life may be contradicting to my own beliefs. I am, I exist, may be the only statement with any validity of our certainty.We cannot test the validity of our reality, reason, logic, and perception in relation to all individuals, but we can test to the validity of our existence by thinking, therefore, being. Put your paper here.